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by Simone de Beauvoir
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by Simone de Beauvoir
Beauvoir responds to critics who charged existentialism with moral nihilism by constructing an ethics grounded in human freedom and its inherent ambiguity. She argues that because we are both subject and object, both free and situated, genuine ethical action requires willing the freedom of others alongside our own.
by Albert Camus
Camus traces the history of metaphysical and political rebellion from Prometheus through Sade, Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, and the revolutions of the twentieth century, showing how the rebel's legitimate 'no' repeatedly curdles into tyranny. He proposes a measured rebellion that honors human dignity without collapsing into nihilism or absolute ideology.